International Terrestrial Cable in Bangladesh

International Terrestrial Cable in Bangladesh Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction of the report: The internet has become an essential part of human life as it is the main mode of communication now a days. Internet is the interconnected computer network where billions of devices are connected through the backbone of optical networking technologies in modern days. My interest was to observe the rapid development of this communication mode and for this I have studied the optical transmission and networking systems and different protocols by working as an intern in the NOC department of 1 Asia Alliance Communication Ltd. Finally I have made a report of whatever I have learnt throughout my 3 months long internship program. 1.2 Reason for selecting the specific industry: Telecommunication is growing with the vast use of internet in Bangladesh. The introduction of optical fiber transmission both in submarine and terrestrial over satellite communication made it easy to spread the global connectivity throughout the major cities in Bangladesh. 1 Asia Alliance Communication Ltd. is one out of six companies which has the ITC license. Thus it serves as a domestic internet upstream for all the major ISP, IIG and IGW companies in Bangladesh using its terrestrial optical transmission technology. To better understand the optical transmission system and the IP network system it was the best choice to join as an intern in a company like 1 Asia Alliance Communication Ltd. 1.3 Purpose of the Internship: To fulfill the requirements for the degree of the Bachelor of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering. To see the practical implementation of what was studied during the university program. To learn how a telecom company operates its technical functions. To make recommendations on the basis of the study done. 1.4 Methods of Collecting Data: The data for making this report was collected in many ways. Primary data, as well as secondary data for completing the task of report writing about this internship were used. Some of the methods which are used are discussed below. Use of Primary Data: Primary Data which were used for completing the report are as follows: Self-observation Discussions with the officers Informal interview from the customers Use of Secondary Data: Secondary Data which were used for completing the report are as follows: 1 Asia Alliance Communication Ltd. brochure 1 Asia Alliance Communication Ltd. websites Several articles on the internet related with the field of study Research reports of several authors related with the field of study Chapter 2: Backgrounds 2.1 Background of ITC and IIG in Bangladesh: International Terrestrial Cable (ITC) operator: In 2006 the internet of Bangladesh has been connected to the world by a single submarine cable, Sea-Me-We 4 (SMW4). SMW4 is 18,800 kilometer-long optical-fiber system and its landing station of Bangladesh is at Cox’s Bazar. Since SMW4’s activation, national Internet outages have struck Bangladesh in regular basis. When any portion of this optical fiber system is damaged, it takes huge time for maintenance and thus virtually all internet bandwidth of Bangladesh disappears,pushing local internet providers to retreat to slow and expensive satellite services or to simply wait for restoration. A 20,000 km long secondary optical fiber system SMW5 is under construction and the landing port in Bangladesh will be at Mongla The SMW5 consortium signed the construction and maintenance agreement on March 7, 2014. But the complexation will take long time. In the meantime, major disruptions of Bangladesh’s Internet service continue to occur. The planned maintenances and failures in SMW4 system make all understood that how susceptible Bangladesh’s internet connectivity really is. These events thus encourage the Bangladesh Telecommunications Regulatory Commission (BTRC) to take alternative measures. In 2012, the BTRC issued licenses to six companies to connect to India via the International Terrestrial Cable (ITC). The six International Terrestrial Cable (ITC) operators are: 1Asia Alliance Communication Ltd., Novocom Limited BD Link Communication Ltd., Mango Teleservices Ltd., Summit Communications Ltd., and [emailprotected] Limited. This inauguration of an operational terrestrial connection to India to serve as an alternative to SMW4 is a great achievement for Bangladesh’s telecommunication sector. Currently these six ITC operators are connected to Tata Communications and Bharti Airtel via Benapole TCLS. International Internet Gateway (IIG) operator The telecom sector in Bangladesh is rapidly exposing. Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC) is the regulatory authority for this sector. In 2007 BTRC offer the license forInternational Internet Gateway (IIG) and from then number of IIG operators grow in this country. Currently there are 36 licensed IIG operators in Bangladesh. Few Major International Internet Gateway (IIG) operators are: 1Asia Alliance Communication Ltd. Aamra Companies Abir Telecommunication Apple Communication Bangla Phone Ltd bdHUB BD Link Communication BSCCL BTCL Cybergate Delta Infocom Earth Telecommunication Equitel Communications Fiber @ Home Global Fair Communications Greenland Technologies Intraglobe Communications Level3 Carrier Mango Teleservices MaxNet Online NovoCom Radiant Communications Limited REGO Communications IIGs in Bangladesh serve as a gateway for routing International incoming and outgoing Internet based data traffic additionally working as a national internet exchange (NIX) for exchanging national internet-based data traffic. Most of the gateways are connected with country’s sole submarine cable SMW4 as their main link and with the satellite earth station/VSAT as back up until another submarine cable SMW5 is available. When ITC operators in Bangladesh were introduced these IIG companies started using ITC services as an alternative to SMW4. BTRC has made a rule that all ISPs in Bangladesh shall be connected to global internet through these IIGs. IIG operators mainly provide their services to the ISPs, carriers and large corporations of the country. They use extensive local and international internet peering and transit. Even IIGs are interconnected with national IX (Internet Exchange) BDIX and several international IX thus their customers can access all global internet routes through the minimum number of hops. These operators give their customers the choice to subscribe the bandwidth based on the destination of their traffic. Their goal is to reduce network traffic congestion and maintain shorter latency. 2.2 Background of the company About the company: 1Asia Alliance Communication Limited (1AACL) is a joint venture company formed between Alliance Holdings Limited, Bangladesh and 1Asia Communication (BD) Ltd. It is a sister concern of Singapore based 1Asia Communication Pte. Ltd. The company was formed by a group of NRBs with over 20 years’ experience in the telecommunications business. The company carries the licenses from BTRC to provide ITC and IIG services to its clients in Bangladesh. 1AACL is also the first ITC operator in Bangladesh. Since its birth, 1AACL has established enormous footprints in the ICT sector of the country. It is running parallel with the country’s drive towards digitalization and higher internet penetration. The ITC project of 1AACL brings a much required backup for to the country’s lone submarine cable SMW4. The company offers its services to several ISPs, IGWs, IIGs, and corporate clients across the country. Licenses: IIG: License awarded on 12/04/2012, commercially started on 01/10/2012 ITC: License awarded on 05/01/2012, commercially started on 12/12/2012 Services: IPLC/MPLS IP Transit Satellite BW service Managed data network service VPN service Co-location service Client types: IIGs ISPs IGWs Enterprise customers International PoPs (Point of Presence): Chennai Mumbai Equinix Building, Singapore Epsilon Global Hub, London 60 Hudson Street, NY Local PoPs: HQ-Alliance Building, Dhaka Coloasia-Borak tower, Dhaka Chittagong-Akhtaruzzaman Center, Agrabad Benapole-Chowdhury Super Market, Zero Point, Check Post, Benapole Technology Partners: Tata Communication Ltd Bharti Airtel TIS Chunghwa Equinix-IX SG-IX Level3 Cogent Google Timeline of Infrastructure: 2012 to 2013 1AACL head quarter setup Benapole POP setup ITC backhaul setup 1Asia Alliance own WDM Network Secondary ITC Network Setup Tertiary ITC Network Setup Interconnection Equinix, Singapore Interconnection TATA, Chennai Mumbai Interconnection Airtel, Chennai Interconnection TIS, Singapore 2013 to 2014 Chittagong Pop Setup Pop at ColoAsia, Dhaka London Pop Setup Peering with Google, Facebook, Microsoft Interconnection Epsilon GH, London Interconnection Level3 Cogent Interconnection Equinix-IX SG-IX 2014 to Present New York, USA Pop Setup Departments: Administration Accounts Marketing Sales Logistics HR Technical : Transmission, IP Core, Service Delivery , NOC Strength: ITC Backhaul Systems (Dhaka- Benapole) Primary ITC Network: 1Asia Alliance’s Own System WDM network with 8 Lamda capacity Secondary ITC Network: [emailprotected] /Swapping Tertiary ITC Network: ITC Consortium/City Cell Number Of ITC Operators in Connection: 06 Cisco 12000 Series Flagship Routers as Core Aggregation Equipment Full Routing TABLE Implementation Auto Switch Over Routing Through ITC with different upstream carrier Switch Room Level Redundancy in National Segment International PoPs at Chennai, Mumbai, Singapore, London, New York Native IPv6 Peering (Upstreams Major Players) Direct Peering, Impressive RTD 2.3 Background study on research papers Research Paper 1 Title: Soliton Transmission in Fiber Optics for Long Distance Communication Authors: Mehul G.Patel (1), S. B. Khant (2) Affiliation: PG Student [SPC], Dept. of ECE, A.D.Patel Institute of Technology,V.U.Nagar,Gujarat, India (1) , Assistant professor, Dept. of ECE, A.D.Patel Institute of Technology, V.U.Nagar,Gujarat, India (2) Research Problem: The research discusses the reasons for the limit in information carrying capacity of optical communication systems. Research Methodology or Approach: Quantitative Research Solution and Results: Soliton based optical fiber communication systems are more suitable for long haul communication because of their very high information carrying capacity and repeater less transmission. Comments The research paper highlights one of the important weakness of optical fiber communication in long distance. In that respect the research problem is a good one. The research methodology is quantitative. But it could be better if more practical surveys were implemented. The result shows the mathematical solution of the problem. But it could be better if some practical result/evidence was shown. Strengths vs. Weaknesses: The discussion on the current problem in optical transmission is the strength of this research. But the result showing only mathematical solution is the weakness. Opportunities: Advantages and disadvantages of optical fiber communication, Dispersion Phenomenon References: [1] Gerd Keiser,Optical Fiber Communications, 4thedition, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2008. [2] http://hank.uoregon.edu. [3] R. Gangwar, S. P. Singh, and N. Singh, â€Å"Soliton based optical communication’’,Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 74, 157–166, 2007. [4] Akira Hasegawa, â€Å"Soliton-based ultra-high speed optical communications’’, Vol. 57, Nos5 6-journal of physics Nov. Dec. 2001. [5] Opsim-appnotes.pdf. [6] R. Ganapathy, K. Porsezian, A. Hasegawa, Life Fellow, IEEE, and V. N. Serkin,â€Å"Soliton Interaction Under Soliton Dispersion Management’’, IEEE journal of quantum electronics, Vol. 44, NO. 4, April 2008. [7] David S. Ricketts, Member, IEEE, Xiaofeng Li, Student Member, IEEE, â€Å"On the Self-Generation of Electrical Soliton Pulses’’, IEEE journal of solid-state circuits, Vol. 42, NO. 8, August 2007. [8] Yang Jing Wen and Xiang Lin Yang,Senior Member, IEEE, â€Å"Quasi-Transform-Limited Pulse Transmission in Dispersion Managed Soliton System’’, IEEE photonics technology letters, Vol. 11, NO. 4, April 1999. [9] Kuppusamy Porsezian, Ramanathan Ganapathy, Akira Hasegawa, Life Fellow, IEEE, and Vladimir N. Serkin, â€Å"Nonautonomous Soliton Dispersion Management’’, IEEE journal of quantum electronics, vol. 45, no. 12, December 2009. [10] Hiroyuki Toda, Katsuyuki Mino, Yuji Kodama, Akira Hasegawa, Life Fellow, IEEE, and Peter A. Andrekson, Member, IEEE, Member, OSA,â€Å"Influence of Noise in Optical Pulse Source on Soliton Transmission’’, journal of lightwave technology, vol. 17, no. 6, June 1999. Research Paper 2 Title: Optical Fiber Based Communication Network Authors: Dr. Dharamvir Singh Affiliation: Assistant Professor, Ch. Devi Lal University, Sirsa-125055 (Haryana) India Research Problem: This research discuss about the different technologies used in the fiber based communication network. It also focuses the advantages of newly developed technology over the conventional ones. Research Methodology or Approach: Correlation Research Solution and Results: The physics of the optical fibers are discussed here and it points to a solution that technological revolution of fiber optic communication is happening due to the development of capacity increasing methods and the introductions of high speed devices. Comments The research paper discusses the very basic requirements for an optical fiber communication. It is very helpful to understand the optical fiber communication technology at a glance The research methodology is correlative. And it is a better method to show the advantages of new technology over the existing one. The research does not reflect to any strong solution for a particular problem rather it describes the different aspects of the optical fiber communication. Strengths vs. Weaknesses: The discussion on the different technology used in optical fiber communication is the strength of this research. But it does not focus to any specific problem which needs to solved which is its weakness Opportunities: Transmission Windows, Attenuation, Transmitters, Receivers References: [1] S.G. Karshenboim, â€Å"Fundamental physical constants: looking from different anglesâ€Å", Can. J. Phys. 83, 767-811, (2005). [2] S. M. Foreman, K. W. Holman, D. D. Hudson, D. J. Jones, and J. Ye, â€Å"Remote transfer of ultrastable frequency references via fiber networks†, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78, 021101 (2007). [3] C. Daussy, O. Lopez, A. Amy-Klein, A. Goncharov , M. Guinet, C. Chardonnet, F. Narbonneau, M. Lours, D. Chambon, S. Bize, A. Clairon, G. Santarelli, M.E. Tobar and A.N. Luiten, â€Å"Long-Distance Frequency Dissemination with a Resolution of 10-17†, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 203904 (2005). [4] Alwayn, Vivek, Fiber-Optic Technologies. Cisco Systems, 12- 31 (2006). [5] S. M. Foreman, K. W. Holman, D. D. Hudson, D. J. Jones, and J. Ye, â€Å"Remote transfer of ultrastable frequency references via fiber networks†, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78, 021101 (2007). Research Paper 3 Title: Next Gen. Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing Authors: Shaikh Bilal Anees (1) Sameer Khan (2), Shah Akhtar Ali (3) Affiliation: Electronics Telecom Dept. AIKTC, Mumbai University, India, (1), (2), (3) Research Problem: The existing DWDM system does not meet the current bandwidth requirements of the corporate, which is up to 1Tb/s. In this research it broadly describes the advantages of the next generation DWDM over the existing system and how it can meet the required demand. It also describes the other possible solutions. Research Methodology or Approach: Meta-analysis Research Solution and Results: The research ends with two solutions. One solution is to use the modulation technique RZ-DPSK over long haul systems. Second one is the utilization of DCF Comments This paper discusses several options to increase the capacity of optical fiber transmission over long haul. It could be better if some more studies are put into this. The research methodology is meta-analysis. It relates all the possible solution to come up with the goal of this research, and for this it is the successful approach. The research comes up with a good solution. Strengths vs. Weaknesses: Its focus on the recent development to transmit high capacity data is its strength. Few more studies like the modulations techniques could be described, which is its weakness. Opportunities: The ideas of DWDM, Light Sources and Detectors, Optical Fiber Distortion References: [1] Muralikrishna Gandluru à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Optical Networking And Dense Wavelenght Devision Multiplexing (DWDM)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-. [2] Biswanath Mukherjee à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢WDM Optical Communication Networks: Progress and Challengesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-. [3] Introduction to DWDM Technology by Cisco ltd . [4] Fibre Optic Essentials by Casimer M. DeCusatis and Carolyn J. Sher DeCusatis . [5] Optical Fibers and RF: A Natural Combination by Malcolm Romeiser . [6] New functionalities for advanced optical interfaces (Dispersion compensation) byKazuo Yamane Photonic systems development dept. FUJITSU. [7] I. P. Kaminow, et al, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢A Wideband All-Optical WDM Networkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol.14, No. 5, June 1996, pp. 780 799.) [8] Melià ¡n, B., Laguna, M., and Moreno, J.A., Capacity expansion of fiber optic networks with WDM systems: Problem formulation and comparative analysis, Computers and Operations Research, 31(3) (2004) 461-472. [9] E. Lowe, Current European WDM Deployment Trends, IEEE Communications Magazine, Feburary 1998, pp. 46-50.

Marine Bio Essay

You can determine the turtle’s species by the upper shell brown/reddish brown color, the lower shell creamy/yellow color, body skin brown/yellow color, the rusty brown scales on their head, and the weight and length of the turtle varying from 77-227 kilograms and 1. 2 meters. b) You can determine the sex by many features. The turtle’s sexual maturity isn’t achieved until they are 15-20 years old. Adult males have longer tails and are much larger than adult females. A pair breads at sea and the female come to shore to nest her eggs. Loggerheads nest from April to July. Usually, there can be 105-120 eggs laid in a clutch. Single females of the species can have many clutches during a season. Some nest every year, whereas others alternate years. The incubation period can last from 55 -60 days. Like most sea turtles, they nest at night. c) The age of a sea turtle is determined by growth of in length and weight gain. d) Loggerheads also bury themselves in the mud during winter months. 2. The most common reasons turtles become sick or injured in Florida are because lights on coastal highways and housing developments disorient the hatchlings often causing them to move away from the water and be killed by automobiles or predators. 3. The specific type of turtle rescued was The Loggerhead Sea Turtle or â€Å"Loggerhead† 4. The type of food we will need to feed the rescued turtle is a variety of crabs, jellyfish, shellfish, and sponges. 5. This species needs to stay around fresh-water for means of drinking and stay at seas for breading (if more than one is in rehabilitation). 6. The rehabilitation area should be kept at a warm temperature and should be no smaller than 39ft.

Air Pollution and Global Warming - Summary - 1696 Words

Air Pollution and Global Warming SCI 275 Cheryl Wilson September 30, 2012 Tori Robinson Air pollution causes global warming through the greenhouse effect, according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The greenhouse effect occurs when greenhouse gases trap and heat energy from the sun and prevent it from escaping Earths atmosphere and entering space.† (EPA, 2012) Atmospheric pollutions are caused by gasses and solid particulates released into the atmosphere. The most hazard atmospheric pollutions are man made by the production of products. Pollutants are released into the air include carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and sulfur dioxide. Side effects from global warming can be apperceived across the globe.†¦show more content†¦Animals commonly fall victim to acid rain which is created by sulfur in the air caused by the burning of coal. Sulfur is conducted in vesicles of rain poisoning streams, drinking water supplies, soil, and injuring wildlife. 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Was The Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy a...

Was The Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy a Conspiracy? On November 22nd, 1963 at 12:30 p.m in Dallas, Texas, one of the most horrific events in American History took place. The assassination of John F. Kennedy. Crowds were cheering as JFK was on a ten mile route that would pass through Dallas, Texas. John Kennedy was in the back seat of a 1961 four door Lincoln Continental convertible when this tragic event occurred. The driver took a left off of Main street passing by the Texas School Book Depository. Suddenly gun shots were heard, and John Kennedy took a bullet to the head and neck. John Kennedy was dead at the first impact of the bullet. As JFK was leaning on Ms.Kennedy another shot was fired, and it hit Governor John†¦show more content†¦Joseph Kennedy was killed in the battlefield towards the end of World War II. Robert and Edward were both respected, well known Senators. Edward Kennedy was the Massachusetts senator from November 7th, 1962 up until August 25th, 2009. 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